These changes will have serious impacts on the dimensions of food security in terms of availability, accessibility, quality, utilization and system stability.  Changes in precipitation and evaporation will result to shifts in the existing patterns of soil moisture deficits, ground water recharge and runoff. Therefore, rain fed agriculture will exhibit more volatility as a result of moisture stress in regions with declining rainfall. Areas with increased rainfall and temperature will exhibit increased crop damage, deaths of livestock, increase in crop and livestock diseases and soil erosion. Large areas of irrigated land associated with river basin deltas will be affected by a combination of reduced inflows, salinity, annual flood cycles and sea level rise. The flood water may subsequently introduce pollutants from urban areas to the farmed lands posing health related hazards like biomagnification of heavy metals in crops and fish. These stresses on some of the prime productive land will continue to reduce agricultural output, biodiversity and natural ability to recover.

The key implications from studies from runoff modeling indicate a shift in potential for cereal production to developed countries. Hydrological regimes and after resources will also be affected. Changes in rainfall patterns (intensity-duration-frequency) will determine crop growth, crop damage and status of aquatic environments. Hydrological process will exhibit more variability. Subsequently increased water loss from evaporation from natural water bodies and reservoirs caused by increased temperatures poses a problem on irrigation depended agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture. Prolonged drought may cause hamper livestock production practiced by pastoralists due to lack of pasture and water. The changes will also affect secondary agricultural production mainly food processing, cold storage, transport and intensive production. This will lead to higher market values for land and water. Later food products will become expensive and unavailable especially for the poor.

Adaptation to the climate change and employment of mitigation strategies are important to achieve food security. Dependency of food production systems on the climate increases the urgency to identify and develop innovative strategies to adapt and mitigate the changing climatic conditions. Climate and food security cannot be separated.  Apart from producing food, agriculture also provides the primary source of livelihood for more than a quarter of the population of the world’s total workforce. The impact of climate change on agricultural production in low-income developing countries of Asia and Africa will be evident on large numbers of the rural poor that will be put at risk and their vulnerability to food insecurity increased. Several efforts are underway already to support capacity building and adaptation research and action, but these have not been adequate. The inadequacy could be attributed to lack of capacity to institute effective intervention measures and inadequate expertise and facilities at all levels to manage climate change.